Big Data and AI in Urban Planning: Advancing Pedestrian-Oriented Development in India – “Challenges, Strategies, and Future Directions

Abstract

The integration of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) in pedestrian-oriented urban planning presents transformative potential for sustainable cities, yet implementation in developing nations like India remains constrained. This study examines global applications of big data and AI in pedestrian planning, focusing on India's emerging but limited adoption through a systematic literature review of 76 publications (2014–2025). While advanced economies leverage AI for walkability assessments, pedestrian safety, and infrastructure optimization using multi-source data, India's efforts are predominantly restricted to vehicular safety projects like iRASTE and BATCS. Key barriers include fragmented data ecosystems, reliance on manual methods, and inadequate pedestrian-centric datasets in platforms like NUDM and IUDX. Challenges such as temporal-spatial data misalignment, privacy concerns, and algorithmic biases further hinder progress. The study proposes a three-pronged framework for India:  ethical data governance models balancing innovation and privacy;  hybrid methodologies combining AI tools with traditional surveys; and public-private partnerships to build local capacity. Successful case studies from Nagpur and Bengaluru demonstrate scalable opportunities, while global benchmarks highlight the need for context-sensitive adaptations. A novel crowdsourced GPS-camera system is suggested to capture pedestrian perspectives, addressing critical data gaps. Findings emphasize  AI adoption in pedestrian planning transcends technological advancement it necessitates institutional collaboration, policy standardization, and equity-focused solutions aligned with SDG 11. Strategic recommendations include longitudinal pilot studies, regulatory reforms, and integrated data hubs to bridge the gap between India's smart city initiatives and inclusive pedestrian infrastructure. The study positions India to lead Global South nations in human-centric urban innovation through responsible AI deployment.